![]() 900 datasets, including 16 input parameters obtained through 34 historical road tunnels, were utilized in the models. ![]() In this work, six Gaussian process regression (GPR)-based meta-heuristic optimization algorithms, including GPR-PSO, GPR-GWO, GPR-MVO, GPR-MFO, GPR-SCA, and GPR-SSO were developed to predict the duration and cost parameters. Therefore, research on the duration and cost of tunnels' construction and the possibility of their distribution is essential, which can be a valid basis for concluding a contract and a tool to optimize the construction plan and reduce costs. Forecasting the duration and cost required to construct tunnels is always an essential factor in determining whether an assistant's decision-making system is useful or not. Tunnels are among essential subsurface projects used for various applications that often encounter instability, cost overruns and time consumption.
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